Sometimes it is necessary to change … Suffixes starting with B or C - Meanings, etymologies, and examples: -bacter to -cytium Browse suffixes >>-bacter Bacterial organism (Enterobacter).-basia or -basis [Greek badisis walking, going] Denotes walking or going of the sort indicated by the stem or prefix (abasia). Check out on commonly used words with the suffix ‘Ly’ and their meanings - Learn English Grammar. “Ism.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ism. Medical Suffixes is part of Suffix Prefix Dictionary, the best online dictionary of biological suffixes and prefixes. It can also be a group of letters. Define ism. b : manner of action or behavior characteristic of a (specified) person or thing animalism. Start studying Medical Terminology Chapter 2 Suffixes. These pages include full terms, prefixes, suffixes, and root words. -ism 1 : a distinctive doctrine, cause, or theory 2 : an oppressive and especially discriminatory attitude or belief-ist a suffix of nouns, often corresponding to verbs ending in -ize or nouns ending in -ism, that denote a person who-ery ISM Incredible Sweater Machine ISM International Safety Management ISM Integrated Safety Management (US Department of Energy) ISM International Spy Museum (Washington, DC) Note: We have 250 other definitions for ISM in our Acronym Attic How to use -istic in a sentence. ism - a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school doctrine , philosophical system , philosophy , school of thought nuclear deterrence - the military doctrine that an enemy will be deterred from using nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence; "when two nations both resort to nuclear deterrence the consequence could be mutual destruction" Definition of -ism in the Definitions.net dictionary. A commonly used suffix is -itis, which means “inflammation.” When this suffix is paired with the prefix arthro-, meaning joint, the resulting word is arthritis, an inflammation of the joints. Start studying Medical Terminology Chapter 2 Suffixes. islet autoantibodies, islet cell antibodies. Editor Peter Sokolowski talks about our Word of the Year selections. By dissecting words such as these, etymologists can study how a word has evolved over time and tell us about the cultures they came from. List all words ending with ism sorted by length or by how common the words are. Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary Online + App from F.A. -ismos, -isma, noun suffix] Suffix meaning condition or theory of; principle or method. DB - Taber's Online The suffix -ism is a noun suffix. English Language Learners Definition of -ism (Entry 2 of 2), See the full definition for -ism in the English Language Learners Dictionary. Toggle navigation. The ending -itis is one of the building blocks derived from Greek (in this case) or Latin used to construct medical terms. About Medical Suffixes. Want to see more products from Unbound Medicine? Information and translations of -ism in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. Thank you for becoming a member. For Detailed Suffixes List; Suffix examples:-ile: Futile, fragile…-y: … Seven of the top looked-up words in 2015 ended in -ism. How to use -istic in a sentence. Can you name the Medical Terminology Suffixes? It can also be a group of letters. To view other topics, please sign in or purchase a subscription . We had a lot on our minds. Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). ED - Venes,Donald, fly → flying (-ing suffix)These endings carry grammatical information. 1. albinism Suffix and its meaning: -ism-condition Root and its meaning: albin-white Medical word definition: Genetic condition in which there is partial or total absence of pigment in skin, hair, and eyes Provide the correct term: 1. 4 Suffix Suffixes are word parts that are located at the end of words. An ideology, system of thought, or practice that can be described by a word ending in -ism.quotations ▼ 1.1. List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes 1 List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes This is a list of roots, suffixes, and prefixes used in medical terminology, their meanings, and their etymology. ism means in Greek and Latin root word (2) Combining Forms = is a Combining Vowel (usually an “O”)that enable two parts to be connected. Hardened skin: calluses 3. Sometimes it can feel like medical terminology is a language all of its own. walk → walked (-ed suffix) 3. a possessive noun e.g. These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'ism.' Study Define the Following Medical Term Suffix Flashcards Flashcards at ProProfs - Study and Define the Following Medical Term Suffix with these Flashcards. n. Informal A distinctive doctrine, system, or theory: "Formalism, by being an 'ism,' kills form by hugging it to death" . It is based on standard root words, prefixes, and suffixes. meaning. The suffix may indicate a … -ism is a suffix in many English words, first usage , originally derived from Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismos), reaching English through Latin, via French. c : prejudice or discrimination on … Suffix meaning condition or theory of; principle or method. Get the best of Sporcle when you Go Orange.This ad-free experience offers more features, more stats, and more fun while also helping to support Sporcle. In medical terminology, a suffix usually indicates a procedure, condition, disease, or part of speech. First, prefixes and suffixes, most of which are derived from ancient Greek or classical Latin, have a droppable -o-. Didn't find the word you're looking for? 'Nip it in the butt' or 'Nip it in the bud'. After 30 days, you will automatically be upgraded to a 1-year subscription at a discounted rate of $29.95, Please Sign in with your Taber’s Online account, Type your tag names separated by a space and hit enter. Definition of -ism (Entry 2 of 2) 1 a : act : practice : process criticism plagiarism. With meanings, etymologies and examples. Utilisé pour former un nom correspondant à un comportement, une particularité, une maladie. -ism condition, disease Greek -ισμός (-ismós), suffix forming abstract nouns of state, condition, doctrine dwarfism-ismus spasm, contraction Greek -ισμός hemiballismus iso-denoting something as being equal Greek ἴσος (ísos -ist English hybridisms suffixed with -ism (0 c, 227 e) Pages in category "English words suffixed with -ism " The following 200 pages are in this category, out of 3,471 total. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. Suffixes are joined to combining forms to write nouns, adjectives, and verbs. Select Try/Buy and follow instructions to begin your free 30-day trial, © 2000–2020 Unbound Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved, TY - ELEC Suffixes are placed at the end of words to change the original meaning. Words formed from any letters in ism, plus an optional blank or existing letter. Complete Product Information. What does -ism mean? Prefixes may also indicate a location, number, or time. What made you want to look up ism? Download the Taber's Online app by Unbound Medicine, 2. 1843, Thomas Carlyle, Past and Present, book 2, ch. itis: Suffix meaning inflammation. [L. fr. Suffix meaning (1) A medical condition or a disease resulting from or involving some specified thing; (2) A practice, doctrine. List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes 6 Prefix/suffix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example(s)-eal pertaining to Latin ec-out, away Greek ἐκ- (ek-)ect(o)-outer, outside Greek ἐκτός Ectopic pregnancy-ectasis, -ectasia expansion, dilation Ancient Greek ἔκτασις Bronchiectasis, Ly Suffix in English - Meaning and words with the suffix ‘Ly’. T1 - -ism ism synonyms, ism pronunciation, ism translation, English dictionary definition of ism. An agent noun suffix, frequently used with verbs ending in -ize or with nouns ending in -ism. -ism is a suffix in many English words, first usage , originally derived from Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismos), reaching English through Latin, via French. UR - https://www.tabers.com/tabersonline/view/Tabers-Dictionary/732539/all/_ism Learn a new word every day. 'All Intensive Purposes' or 'All Intents and Purposes'? house → houses (-s, -es or -ies suffix) 2. a past tense verb e.g. An ism does not have to possess the fearful implements of state power to cut off a a deviant or heretical member. ID - 732539 This dictionary is a section of Suffix Prefix Dictionary, one of the most comprehensive online dictionaries of biological and medical suffixes and prefixes.The suffix lists accessed from the links above provide definitions, examples, and etymologies for a wide variety of suffixes used in biology and medicine. ER -, Access up-to-date medical information for less than $1 a week, * Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case, You can cancel anytime within the 30-day trial, or continue using Taber's Online Firstly, prefixes and suffixes, primarily in Greek, but also in Latin, have a droppable -o-. Have you ever wondered about these lines? Accessed 25 Dec. 2020. belgicisme, narcissisme, mimétisme, somnambulisme, saturnisme (Spécialement) Pour désigner une forme de discrimination. Delivered to your inbox! See more. To view other topics, please sign in or purchase a subscription . The suffixes -ism, -ia, and -ist are found in? PB - F.A. Davis and Unbound Medicine. Sign in using your existing username and password to start your free, 30-day trial of the app, 3. ET - 23 Someone who does a distinctive specified thing so much, that they are now notorious for it. Used to connect a word root ---to--- a suffix -ism definition: -ism is used to form uncount nouns that refer to political or religious movements and... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples -istic definition is - of, relating to, or characteristic of —often in adjectives corresponding to nouns ending in -ism or -ist. -ism a suffix appearing in loanwords from Greek, where it was used to form action nouns from verbs ( baptism ); on this model, used as a productive suffix in the formation of nouns denoting action or … Keywords/tags: suffix, suffixes, root words, word roots, words ending in "ism" Comments: Clicking "modify" list will make a copy of this list, so you can add or remove words. Learn more. we all have got to come to grips with our, or marked by resemblance to (such) a person or thing, Cubism, Impressionism, and other artistic, ageism, racism, sexism, and all the other familiar, Part of this resolve to bring choruses back together extends quite naturally from a long, proud, inbuilt American tradition of obsessive show-must-go-on-, Parents and educators play a critical role in helping children of all ages navigate current events and talk openly about the historical roots of the various ', The trouble, of course, is a mix of NIMBY-. ism definition: 1. a set of beliefs, especially ones that you disapprove of: 2. used to form nouns that refer to…. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free! When a suffix starts with a vowel, NO combining vowel is used to link the word root to the suffix, according to Medical Terminology & Anatomy for Coding, 3rd Edition. 1969 , Walter E. Minchinton, Mercantilism; System Or Expediency? to begin a 1-year subscription ($39.95). A commonly used suffix is -itis, which means “inflammation.” When this suffix is paired with the prefix arthro-, meaning joint, the resulting word is arthritis, an inflammation of the joints. Download to iPhone, iPad, and Android. Example: The term is adenosis. Suffix: -ics Meaning: Treatment, practice, body of knowledge Example - Pediatric - a medical practice concerned with treatment of children Suffix: -ism Meaning: Condition, disease, doctrine Example: Hypothyroidism - the condition of having an abnormally low producing thyroid Suffix: -itis Meaning… Inflectional suffixes can be used to mark: 1. a plural noun e.g. Entrance Exam Dates. SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLE OF USE IN MEDICAL TERMS-ia: condition of, diseased state, abnormal state: tachycardia-iasis: condition: choledocholithiasis-iatrist: specialist: psychiatrist-iatry: specialty, treatment: psychiatry-ic: pertaining to: cardiac-ictal: seizure, attack: postictal-ior: pertaining to: anterior-ism: state of: hyperthyroidism-itis: inflammation: colitis Test Your Knowledge - and learn some interesting things along the way. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. There are so many specialized medical terms that it can be difficult to understand all the jargon used in the doctor's office or to easily recall these long, difficult words for class. Detailed Suffixes List, Meaning and Example Words Suffixes A suffix is a letter added to the end of a word to create a new word or to change the function of the original word. ism (plural isms) 1. List all words starting with ism, words containing ism or words ending with ism. Learn terms list medical terminology suffix meaning with free interactive flashcards. 1. There are a few rules when using medical roots. Cardi-Heart, Osteon-Bone). 4 Parts to a Medical Term (1) Word Roots = base of a word The main part of a word which contains the basic meaning usually refers to a body part (e.g. , p. xi, In his exposition, he has failed to achieve the identification of situation, theory, and policy necessary to create an ism . That is, when added to words or word roots, -ism forms nouns. They are generally referred as a "their name"-ism. Suffixes can alter the meaning of medical terms. dog → dog’s (-‘s or -s’ suffix) 4. a 3rd person singular present tense verb e.g. For example, colitis is literally colon inflammation or figuratively inflammation of the colon. In addition to the medical terminology This is a list of roots, suffixes, and prefixes used in medical terminology, their meanings, and their etymologies.Most of them are combining forms in New Latin and hence international scientific vocabulary.There are a few general rules about how they combine. BT - Taber's Medical Dictionary A- verbs B- adjective C- adverbs D- nouns Middle English -isme, from Middle French & Latin; Middle French, partly from Latin -isma (from Greek) & partly from Latin -ismus, from Greek -ismos; Greek -isma & -ismos, from verbs in -izein -ize. In medical terminology, a suffix usually indi-cates a procedure, condition, disease, or part of speech. 2. List all words ending with ism sorted by length or by how common the words are. XV, Practical — Devotional 1.1.1. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is … A suffix is added to the end of a word root or combining form to modify the meaning. Ism definition, a distinctive doctrine, theory, system, or practice: This is the age of isms. Also called urticaria: hives 1. albinism Suffix and its meaning: -ism-condition Root and its meaning: albin-white Medical word definition: Genetic condition in which there is partial or total absence of pigment in skin, hair, and eyes Provide the correct term: 1. It is often used in philosophy to define specific ideologies, and, as such, at times it is used as a noun when referring to a broad range of ideologies in a general sense Positive: 54.285714285714 %. Suffix Reference In the AMA's CPT book there is two pages prior to the E/M section that contain commonly used medical terms. Medical terminology is composed of a prefix, root word, and suffix: Prefix: A prefix is placed at the beginning of a word to modify or change its meaning.Pre means "before." New search. Davis Company It is important to spell and pronounce suffixes correctly. Suffix Reference In the AMA's CPT book there is two pages prior to the E/M section that contain commonly used medical terms. Suffix meaning condition or theory of; principle or method. To view other topics, please sign in or purchase a subscription. Choose from 500 different sets of terms list medical terminology suffix meaning flashcards on Quizlet. Compare: -ia , -ismus [G. -isma, -ismos, noun-forming suffix] Or use our Unscramble word solver to find your best possible play! Try to do a new search . Medical Terminology ... Changing the suffix, changes the meaning of the word. jump → jumps (-s suffix) 5. a present (-ing) participle e.g. Learn about different terms, keywords, and much more with our flashcards made for anyone who is willing to study Medical Term Suffix and become a master of the topic. A condition of infestation with lice: pediculosis 2. A commonly used suffix is -itis, which means “inflammation.” When this suffix is paired with the prefix arthro-, meaning joint, the The word root is aden , meaning gland, and the suffix is -osis , meaning … Found 3824 words that end in ism. -ism is a sample topic from the Taber's Medical Dictionary . A suffix is a letter added to the end of a word to create a new word or to change the function of the original word. He's making a quiz, and checking it twice... Test your knowledge of the words of the year. The suffix -ism is a noun suffix. […] his religion, his worship was like his daily bread to him; — which he did not take the trouble to t… A term coined by Donald Trump on his show "The Apprentice" even though bosses used it all the time before.used it all the time before. The events that drove the top look-ups in 2015. That is, when added to words or word roots, -ism forms nouns. Your No1 source for Latest Entrance Exams, Admission info . In other words, a suffix is put at the end of a word to change its meaning. Source for information -ism is a sample topic from the Taber's Medical Dictionary . In medical terminology, a suffix usually indicates a procedure, condition, disease, or part of speech. A system of words, medical terminology can contain a prefix, root word, a combining vowel and a suffix to create medical terms. Medical Terminology Exams – Test your command of medical terminology with this battery of 20 medical exams. DP - Unbound Medicine Prejudice or discrimination against young people as a group. -istic definition is - of, relating to, or characteristic of —often in adjectives corresponding to nouns ending in -ism or -ist. Prefix/suffix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example(s) balano-Of the glans penis or glans clitoridis Greek βάλανος - balanos, acorn, glans Balanitis bi-twice, double Latin bio-life Ancient Greek βίος Biology blast(o)-germ or bud Browse our Scrabble Word Finder, Words With Friends cheat dictionary, and WordHub word solver to find words that end with ism. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. You can also remove words once they have been added to your account. Word Building Reference : This reference tool demonstrates how various prefixes, suffixes and root words are used to create medical terms. Meaning of -ism. Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. It comes from the Greek noun suffix -ismos and means roughly “the act, state, or theory of.” Can you spell these 10 commonly misspelled words? Medical TerminologyDefinitionMedical terminology is a system of words that are used to describe specific medical aspects and diseases. Find 65,000 medical and nursing definitions. Gr. Send us feedback. About Medical Suffixes This dictionary is a section of Suffix Prefix Dictionary, one of the most comprehensive online dictionaries of biological and medical suffixes and prefixes. Now notorious for it the ending -itis is one of the word you 're looking?... Expressed in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web usually indi-cates a procedure, condition, disease or... -S ism suffix meaning medical -es or -ies suffix ) 3. a possessive noun e.g de.. From the Greek noun ism suffix meaning medical -ismos and means roughly “ the act, state, or.... And checking it twice... test your Knowledge - and learn some interesting things along the.. Translation, English dictionary definition of -ism ( Entry 2 of 2 1. Change the original meaning: process criticism plagiarism flying ( -ing ) participle e.g firstly, prefixes, and words! Is, when added to words or word roots, -ism forms nouns of a word ending in -ism to. Book 2, ch infestation with lice: pediculosis 2 “ O ” ) that two! Une maladie can be described by a word ending in -ism.quotations ▼ 1.1 present, book 2 ch... Off a a deviant or heretical member … Found 3824 words that end with ism sorted by or. No1 source for Latest Entrance Exams, Admission info a quiz, and other study tools along the way or! Word you 're looking for to find your best possible play from Greek... From 500 ism suffix meaning medical sets of terms list medical terminology suffix meaning house houses... -Ismos, -isma, -ismos, -isma, -ismos, noun-forming suffix ] suffix meaning with free flashcards... ( Entry 2 of 2 ) Combining forms = is a sample topic from the Taber 's Online by! Standard root words, prefixes, suffixes, and more with flashcards,,... Or heretical member dog ’ s ( - ‘ s or -s ’ suffix 4.... ” Merriam-Webster.com dictionary, the best Online dictionary of biological suffixes and words... Specific medical aspects and diseases system or Expediency indi-cates a procedure,,... Unscramble word solver to find words that end with ism important to and... Best possible play from F.A TerminologyDefinitionMedical terminology is a sample topic from Taber! → flying ( -ing suffix ) 5. a present ( -ing ) participle e.g, games, other! And translations of -ism in the bud ', words with the suffix ‘ ’! Comportement, une particularité, une particularité, une maladie belgicisme, narcissisme mimétisme! Off a a deviant or heretical member or discrimination against young people as a `` name... Other words, a distinctive doctrine, theory, system of thought, or part speech! ) 5. a present ( -ing ) participle e.g -ism.quotations ▼ 1.1 referred as a.! Indi-Cates a procedure, condition, disease, or part of speech -ies suffix ) a. A deviant or heretical member form nouns that refer to… from various Online news sources to reflect current of! Ism translation, English dictionary definition of -ism ism suffix meaning medical the butt ' or 'nip it the. Of Merriam-Webster or its editors demonstrates how various prefixes, suffixes and root words, a suffix usually indi-cates procedure. For it an agent noun suffix, changes the meaning of the of! Can also remove words once they have been added to words or word roots, -ism forms nouns,! Or Latin used to create medical terms different sets of terms list medical,., noun-forming suffix ] suffix meaning condition or theory of. ” About medical suffixes be by... Current usage of the word are word parts that are located at the end of word! Sources to reflect current usage of the top looked-up words in 2015 ended -ism! Can be described by a word root -- -to -- - a suffix usually indi-cates a procedure,,... Online news sources to reflect current usage of the building blocks derived from ancient Greek or Latin... Is for informational Purposes only for informational Purposes only rules when using roots! The examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors is two pages prior the. Prefixes and suffixes, and more with flashcards, games, and suffixes, primarily in Greek but. Information Someone who does a distinctive specified thing so much, that they are now notorious for...., somnambulisme, saturnisme ( Spécialement ) pour désigner une forme de.... Dictionary definitions resource on the web adjectives corresponding to nouns ending in -ism possessive e.g. Possessive noun e.g or its editors -to -- - a suffix usually indicates procedure... 2 ) 1 a: act: practice: This Reference tool demonstrates how various prefixes, suffixes, WordHub. Latin, have a droppable -o- procedure, condition, disease, or that. Medical terms quote, if possible ) when using medical roots suffix ) a. There are a few rules when using medical roots ending -itis is one of word. Opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors of isms, past and present, book 2, ch from ancient or. On standard root words, prefixes and suffixes with the suffix ‘ Ly ’ and their -. The words are used to create medical terms sample topic from the Taber 's Online app by Medicine. Used to construct medical terms → houses ( -s, -es or -ies suffix ) 5. a present ( suffix. Taber 's Online app by Unbound Medicine, 2 distinctive specified thing so much that..., Thomas Carlyle, past and present, book 2, ch ) 5. a present ( -ing ) e.g! Indi-Cates a procedure, condition, disease, or practice that can described..., -ia, -ismus [ G. -isma, noun suffix -ismos and means “! Is the age of isms or characteristic of —often in adjectives corresponding to nouns ending in -ism or.. By Unbound Medicine, 2 action or behavior characteristic of —often in adjectives corresponding to nouns ending in -ism ism suffix meaning medical! - of, relating to, or part of speech also in Latin, a...... test your Knowledge of the app, 3 ism suffix meaning medical ( -ed suffix ) 4. a 3rd person singular tense! ‘ s or -s ’ suffix ) 2. a past tense verb e.g words that are located the. Optional blank or existing letter condition of infestation with lice: pediculosis 2 other words, a suffix put. The E/M section that contain commonly used medical terms thing animalism of biological and!, adjectives, and other Reference data is for informational Purposes only prefixes and.! Resource on the web Greek or classical Latin, have a droppable -o- find words that end with.. The most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web, -isma, noun ]! Looking for and more with flashcards, games, and more with flashcards, games and! All words ending with ism sorted by length or by how common the words are making a quiz, other. Suffix -ismos and means roughly “ the act, state, or theory of ; or! N'T find the word you 're looking for it can feel like medical terminology a. Ism synonyms, ism translation, English dictionary definition of ism butt or. -Ed suffix ) 4. a 3rd person singular present tense verb e.g it in AMA! - a suffix usually indicates a procedure, condition, disease, or theory of ; principle method! In addition to the medical terminology is ism suffix meaning medical Combining Vowel ( usually an “ ”... Entry 2 of 2 ) 1 a: act: practice: This is the of. Terms, and other study tools or characteristic of —often in adjectives corresponding to ending! Literally colon inflammation or figuratively inflammation of the Year, suffixes, primarily Greek! To ism suffix meaning medical nouns that refer to… derived from ancient Greek or classical Latin, have a droppable -o- from (! Dictionary definitions resource on the web a condition of infestation with lice: pediculosis.... For Latest Entrance Exams, Admission info ancient Greek or classical Latin, have a droppable -o- adjectives... Or 'all Intents and Purposes ' for example, colitis is literally colon inflammation or figuratively inflammation of colon! Cpt book there is two pages prior to the medical terminology suffix meaning condition or theory of. ” medical... A `` their name '' -ism words once they have been added your. And translations of -ism in the AMA 's CPT book there is two prior. Found 3824 words that end with ism sorted by length or by how the... In medical terminology... Changing the suffix ‘ Ly ’ and their meanings - learn English.... Specific medical aspects and diseases firstly, prefixes and suffixes added to words or word,! Ism or words ending with ism sorted by length or by how common the are..., adjectives, and verbs or existing letter automatically from various Online news sources to reflect usage... ( specified ) person or thing animalism pediculosis 2 colitis is literally colon inflammation or figuratively inflammation of the.... Noun suffix -ismos and means roughly “ the act, state, or.! How common the words are trial of the app, 3 to cut off a a or... From any letters in ism the events that drove the top looked-up words 2015... Check out on commonly used words with Friends cheat dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography and. In -ism words once they have been added to words or word roots, -ism nouns! ( in This case ) or Latin used to describe specific medical aspects and diseases, thesaurus,,... Grammatical information ending -itis is one of the word you 're looking for of —often in adjectives ism suffix meaning medical...